Nitration of phenols: Phenols upon treatment with dilute nitric acid undergoes nitration at low temperature (298 K) to give a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols. The mixture formed is further separated into ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation on the basis of their volatility. Due to intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, ortho nitrophenols are lesser volatile in comparison to para nitrophenols which involves only intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Imines are typically prepared by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes and less commonly ketones: