where c is the circle |z| = 1 is given
by
where C is circle |z| = 1
, and h(t) is a filter matched to g(t). if g(t) is applied as input to h(t) then the Fourier transform of the output is 




then the initial and final values of f(t) are
respectively
can be obtained using
Newton- Raphson method. If the starting value is x = 2 for the iteration, the
value of x that is to be used in the next step is







and q is any non-zero real number, the value
of |f(q) - f(-q)| is